I think this subsection needs some adjstements as this category regroups everything minted in India from the 6th century to 1950 without distinctions between the different periods and coinages.
I would like to propose the following version to class the different issuers of the "Indian states and kingdoms" in a comprehensive and easy way.
It probably needs some corrections and ameliorations.
One of the first feudal coins minted in India was inspired by the sassanid coinage : they are sometimes called "later indo-sassanian" but are not related directly to the Indo-Sasanian Kingdom (it didn't exist anymore).
The first coins of this group can be attribuated to the "Gujura confederacy" (post Gupta period) with two main kingdoms who minted coins : the "Gujura of Sindh" and the "Gujura of Johpur". Some coins of those series are unatributed yet.
Then we have three main emerging empires in India :
- the "Pratihara Empire" who ruled on the Gurjaradesa
- the Pala Empire
- the Rashtrakuta Empire : they didn't mint coins, however at least one of their vassals did (the Paramaras of Malwa).
- India > Northern Dynasties > Gurjuras of Jodhpur, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces57530.html )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Gurjuras of Sidh, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces117751.html )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Pratihara Empire ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/india-34.html#c_pratihara_empire2359
- India > Northern Dynasties > Chaulukya, Kingdom of (Some of https://en.numista.com/catalogue/india-27.html#c_inde_princiers2540 )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Pala Empire ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/india-34.html#c_pala_empire2543 : only the drachms as the other category doesn't seem accurate)
- India > Northern Dynasties > Paramaras of Malwa, Kingdom of the (Some of https://en.numista.com/catalogue/india-27.html#c_inde_princiers2540 )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Silaharas of Northern Konkan, Clan of the (https://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=2981 ; probably this one on Numista : https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces37867.html )
The coinage of those areas slowly changed with new emmerging powers and was characterized by the Bull and Horseman types (I think we can keep the two groups together) :
- India > Northern Dynasties > Kabul Shahis, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces58270.html )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Kangra, Kingdom of
- India > Northern Dynasties > Chauhans, clan of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/inde_princiers-9.html#c_inde_princiers2369 + https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces68055.html + https://fr.numista.com/catalogue/pieces137624.html : Not sure if we should split this one in different issuers or not )
- India > Northern Dynasties > Tomara, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/india-35.html#c_tomara_dynasty2854 + https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces154986.html + https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces64378.html )
Meanwhile in other parts of the sub-continent we can see the influence of the hinduism in the coinage with pictural deities. The muslim conquests marqued the end of this coinage (and issuers by the way) in the areas they controlled ; southern part of India kept this model as well as some "remote" areas).
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Carnatic, Nawabdom of the
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Cholas Empire
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Cochin, Kingdom of
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Eastern Gangas Empire ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces65511.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Hoysala Empire
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Kalachuris of Tripuri, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces56739.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Kashmir, Kingdom of
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Kumaon, Kingdom of
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Madurai, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces44103.html / https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces71165.html)
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Mysore Empire (before 1799)
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Pallavas of Sendamangalam Rebels ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces66263.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Paramaras of Vidarbha, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces56740.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Sivaganga, Kingdom of
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Thanjavur Nayak, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces139777.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Travancore, Kingdom of
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Vijayanagara Empire
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Western Gangas, Kingdom of the ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces66068.html )
- India > Hindu Dynasties > Yadava, Kingdom of
Bengal, Myanmar and surrounding areas influenced by other currencies ; non-pictural coinage (excepted for the Harikela kingdom) :
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Arakan, Kingdom of
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Assam, Kingdom of
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Harikela, Kingdom of
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Jaintia, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces68056.html )
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Cooch Behar, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/inde_princiers-9.html#c_inde_princiers1945 )
- India > North-Eastern Dynasties > Sikkim, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces72114.html )
The following issuers appeared with the musulman conquests (for me they should be placed under the Islamic States, but I guess some people won't be happy about that), so I guess we can keep them here under :
- India > India - Musulman > Ahmadnagar, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Bahmani, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Bengal, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Bijapur, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Cannanore, Kingdom of
- India > India - Musulman > Delhi, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Golkonda, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Gujarat, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Kalat, Khanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Kashmir, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Madurai, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Malwa, Sultanate of
- India > India - Musulman > Sindh, Sultanate of
Those entities where followed by the Mughal Empire, so we can keep it under :
- India > Mughal Empire
The rebellion of Maratha against this empire created a new superpower in India :
- India > Maratha Empire or Maratha, Confederacy of (not sure which suit the best to this one)
We should probably group the following issuers with Maratha as they seem to be indepedant as well during this period ( they are all present in the same area) :
- Garhwal, Kingdom of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces82457.html )
- Rohilkhand, Kingdom of
- Sikh Empire ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces76208.html )
- Jammu (Rajput clans ?) https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces90406.html
Those Empires collapsed with the rise of princely states under the British Crown :
- India > Princely States > Alwar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Arcot, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Awadh, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bajranggarh, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Banswara, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Baroda, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bharatpur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bhavnagar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bhopal, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bikanir, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bindraban, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces60575.html )
- India > Princely States > Broach, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Bundi, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Cambay, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Chamba, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Chhatarpur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Chhota-Udaipur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Datia, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Dewas, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Dhar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Dholpur, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces117161.html )
- India > Princely States > Dungarpur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Farrukhabad, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Garhwal, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces70202.html )
- India > Princely States > Gwalior, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces93350.html )
- India > Princely States > Hyderabad, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Indore, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces142093.html )
- India > Pinrcely States > Jaipur, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Jaisalmer, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Jammu and Kashmir, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces37902.html )
- India > Pinrcely States > Jaora, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Janjira, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Jaunpur, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Jhabua, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Jhalawar, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Jodhpur, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Junagadh, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Kaital, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Karauli, Princely State of
- India > Pinrcely States > Kishangarh, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Kolhapur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Kotah, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Kutch, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Lunavada, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Makrai, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Malerkotla, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Manipur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Mewar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Mysore, Princely State of (after 1799)
- India > Princely States > Narwar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Nawanagar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Orchha, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Patiala, Princely State of ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces78716.html )
- India > Princely States > Panna, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Porbandar, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Pratabgarh, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Pudukkottai, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Radhanpur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Rampur, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Ratlam, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Rewa, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Sailana, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Sitamau, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Tonk, Princely State of
- India > Princely States > Tripura, Princely State of
To move under another country :
- India (ancient) > Vishnukundin Empire ( https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces139376.html : coins minted before 600AD seems to have been put there)
- Islamic States > Habbari, Emirate of (an abbasid emirate)
- Islamic States > Multan, Emirate of (a persian conquest)
Other issuers already present in the list above :
Hyderabad-Elichpur = subsection of the Hyderabad princely state (normally a 4th level issuer)
Jodhpur Feudatory Kuchaman = subsection of the Jodhpur princely state (normally a 4th level issuer)
Marathra-Thanjavur = subsection of the Maratha Empire ?
Hindu Shahi = Kabul Shahi
Ohinda Dynasty = Kabul Shahi (The Hindu shahis ruled in the Kabul valley with their capital at Walihind (Ohinda), so we just have different names for the same entity).
Tinnevelly = Madurai Kingdom (Nayak dynasties)
Pala (Pagoda) = Confusions seem to have been made on this one between the name of the rulers and the name of the Empire : the coins seem to belong to other issuers.
Is it possible to check this coin https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces74724.html ?
For me it's most likely a gold stater and I'm not sure it really belongs under the Pala Empire as Mahi Pala was a Pratihara emperor.
I hope it wasn't too indigest to read
